The timeless power of pomegranate

 1.Introduction

1. Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) is native to Somalia (Kotla Island). It is cultivated in Central Asia, the Himalayas, the Middle East, the western United States, and the Mediterranean, and is believed to have originated in Iran and Afghanistan [1]. The pomegranate tree is a perennial tree that typically grows to 12 to 16 feet tall and lives for over 200 years. Its leaves are shiny, its flowers are red, white, large or colorful, with a tube-shaped calyx, which eventually turns into a fruit. The pomegranate fruit is grenade-shaped, dark red, with a hard shell and a crown-shaped calyx. The seed is surrounded by a small amount of lemon and red juice and is separated by a white, membranous shell [2]. Uses of Pomegranate

Diet is an important part of many lifestyle changes in Persian medicine, namely before taking medicine; The nutritional properties of pomegranate have been studied in many studies, so it has antioxidant and antibacterial activity and contains pectin and fiber, so it will be a good candidate as a food additive and preservative. In addition, the waste material (peel) will become a natural choice for food packaging because it has plasticizing, strengthening and extension activities, as well as its unique color [4-6]. Pomegranate is used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhea, abdominal pain, hemorrhoids, intestinal infections, sore throat, diabetes, nosebleeds, and genital itching, and is considered to have a tonic effect for the heart. In addition, it has recently been used in the treatment of many diseases, including diabetes [9], Alzheimer's disease [10], cancer [11, 12], arthritis [13], male infertility [14] and obesity [15], and cardiovascular disease [16]. Many effects of medicinal plants have been recognized in modern science [17, 18], so they can be considered as a source of new drug design. The global spread of COVID-19 is now considered a global health crisis. There is currently no specific treatment for COVID-19. A number of clinical and preclinical studies are currently investigating effective and potentially less effective heat treatment models [19, 20]. Pomegranate is considered a good source of important nutrients such as flavonoids, magnesium, potassium and iron. It also contains antioxidant components, alpha-linoleic acid (omega 3), linolenic acid (omega 6) and oleic acid (omega 9) [21]. In vitro, the aqueous extract of pomegranate peel has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on COVID-19 virus replication [22]. Consumption of pomegranate juice (PJ) appears to be effective in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 [21]. Currently, a randomized controlled trial is designed to evaluate the effects of pomegranate juice on inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and complete blood count (CBC). Therapeutic effect in patients with mild to moderate disease. More clinical studies should be conducted to evaluate the role of pomegranate in the current COVID-9 pandemic. In this study, we investigate the benefits of pomegranate in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Chemistry of Pomegranate Fruit

2. Polyphenols

The main polyphenols found in pomegranates are hydrolyzable tannins such as gallotannins, ellagitannins, galloyl esters, hydroxycinnamic acid, and hydroxybenzoic acid. The main component of ellagitannins is punicalagin (2,3-hexahydroxydibenzoyl-4,6 galloylglucoside), which is usually found in the peel and rind separated by liquid chromatography preparation, flowers and seeds [24]. Pomegranate contains punicalagin and its isomers, as well as punicalagin A and B, and punicalagin isomers identified by MS and/or NMR. Gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, aglycone and ferulic acid have also been isolated from pomegranate by HPLC and NMR methods [25-27]. the polyphenolic content in pomegranate. combine. Anthocyanins

Anthocyanins are another important component of flowers and fruits and are responsible for the red color of the arils (Figure 2). It was clarified by HPLC and NMR that cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-pentoside, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3, -glucoside are the main cyanines detected in grains, fruits, juices and flowers [8, 28]. >2.3. Other components identified by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance in pomegranate leaves and peel contain flavonols and flavonoids such as catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, kaempferol, quercetin and apigenin [29]. The active compounds found in different parts of pomegranate include alkaloids such as pseudonar, nar, isopegarine, methylnar, 1-nar, dl-nar and methyl isopegarine identified by GLC-MS [30] and organic acids (e.g. citric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, quinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid and succinic acid by NMR and UHPLC-MS) [31]. Lignans (such as furofurans, dibenzylbutyrolactone and dibenzylbutane), minerals (such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, magnesium and sodium), ursane, oleanane triterpenes (such as triterpenic acids) and steroids are other active components separated by pomegranate LC-MS, HPLC-DAD and GC-MS [32–35]. The major flavonoids and alkaloids in pomegranate . Alkaloids Compounds found in pomegranate. Research Method

We conducted a search in electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) to extract clinical studies on pomegranate or pomegranate without any time limit. The search terms included were "pomegranate", "pomegranate", "clinical trial", "clinical research", "blind", "or" volunteer. Clinical studies for different diseases

Due to the many pharmacological activities of pomegranate, it has been studied in many diseases with various clinical studies. The different activities of pomegranate include antibacterial, antiviral and anti-cancer.